Ten questions, Ethical Issues in sports Assignment

Ten questions, Ethical Issues in sports - Assignment Example Researcher Todd Crosset stressed that his data were limited, but also wrote, "To suggest that all of these cases are simply a result of athletes being targeted because of their high profile status denies reality. The best interests of institutions cannot be served until those working within the institutions admit that a problem exists." Clearly, the universities do not make any effort to recognize a problem, and then to punish their star athletes for their horrendous actions. Without a doubt, student athletes with criminal records should not posses free-ride scholarships for various reasons. A student playing for a university is a privilege and not a right. If a student is immature and lacks decision making skills, then clearly the student does not deserve a free-ride scholarship. Furthermore, a student who is disciplined in his behaviors and ethics deserves a free-ride scholarship more than an athlete who does not value a free-ride scholarship. In this competitive business, agents play the race card in order to retain black athletes. With so much propaganda brewing from the media, playing the race card usually yields success for agents. A classic example of â€Å"playing the card† was portrayed in the trial of OJ Simpson, an ex-football athlete accused of murder as Roger Simon writes, October 1995 â€Å""Why was playing the race card necessary in order for O. J. Simpson to go free? The race card was instilled because it was the only way for the defense to deal with the massive physical evidence against him." This is a tough scenario since these statements are not always made by black and white agents. For instance, if a white agent grew up in a poor town and family, they will say this statement. In a lot of cases, background plays a vital role. Some black athletes are born in prestigious families while most come from poor neighborhoods.

Labour Law Group Project ( ADCO ) + WorkSheet + Case Study Assignment

Labour Law Group Project ( ADCO ) + WorkSheet + Case Study - Assignment Example ployment contract with no ‘Probation Period’ but 30 days annual leave, monthly salary of aed 35,000 Free Accommodation and Annual Tickets for Bob, his wife and 2 kids. First of all, ASCONCO must deal with the immigration authorities and ensure that they secure a valid permit for Bob to stay and work in the UAE. After that, the contract ought to be in writing and it must show the commencement date of Bob’s employment and termination date, which will be 3 years from the current period. The wages payable, which is AED 35,000 and other benefits including accommodation and ticket must be stated on the face of the contract. The nature of contract, which is a fixed contract must be disclosed. This will also include the nature of work to be carried out by Bob, the duration and location of employment. This should be signed by Bob and a representative of ASCONCO, which could be Abulaziz or a person in a sufficiently high position and lodged with the labour office at the Ministry. They could fill out a standard form which will be in English or Arabic which is available at the Ministry. However, if they draft their own agreement which has terms they have prescribed, (1) the terms must not be contrary to UAE laws, particularly the Labour Law and it must be in Arabic only before being filed at the labour office. Once this is done, the contract between ASCONCO and Bob is valid. Abulaziz will not need to make an immigration application in the name of ASCONCO for Bob. He will also not need to put the employment contract in writing. This means that he can orally tell Noura that she is hired and there will be a valid employment contract. In terms of enforceability, forms of employment that are not written ought to be in a form that can be proven. Therefore, Noura will need to show evidence of her employment and all the relevant features including remuneration and other terms of the employment. However, the key difference is that it could be unwritten whilst Bob’s contract

Dental Caries In Children Health And Social Care Essay

Dental Caries In Children Health And Social Care Essay Our team has decided to investigate the epidemiology of dental caries in Scottish children, below the age of 16 inclusively from the 1970s to present. Scotland has the highest prevalence of tooth decay in Europe.1 This is evident from the numerous data sources ascertained. There are associated inequalities found in geographic and socio-economic subgroups which are at the forefront of dental caries prevalence in Scotland. The combination of bacteria with small food particles and saliva creates a sticky film on the tooth which is commonly known as plaque. 2 Over consumption of sugary food and drink, which is high in carbohydrate, provides the bacteria with the energy it needs, whilst producing acid simultaneously. 2 If this plaque is neglected, it will erode the tooth causing dental caries.2 In Scotland there is a sweetie culture,3 where sugary snacks are too readily available and so consumption levels are damaging childrens teeth. As a result the Scottish government are making efforts to assess the problem and subsequently trying to resolve it. Assessment of Caries And Prevelence Measurement The classification of dental caries is done by several sets of criteria, the primary one being the DMFT (decayed/missing/filled teeth) which divides the population into two groups and gathers the mean from each of decayed missing and filled teeth. Its measured from 0 to 32 in terms of affected teeth for people over the age of 12 and from 0 to 20 in children.4 The prevalence portrayed by this measurement has seen a marked decrease in caries in children from 2.16 in 2006 to 1.86 in 2008.5 Its been of paramount importance to the Scottish Government in assessing the levels of caries in children and giving them direction in terms of policy making and goal setting. This is evident from the Graph 15 portrayed in the appendix, which displays the decrease in caries, which in this instance displays decay that goes in to the dentine (d3mt) since the 1980s, with the mean age of children being 5.54 years old.3 This marked decrease has allowed the government to target specific areas of Scottish so ciety to enable an even further reduction in prevalence in caries and employment of even more defined classification models. Another method used for assessing dental caries in preschool children in Scotland is the DCRAM (Dundee Caries Risk Assessment Model). This statistical analysis tool provides an appropriate risk assessment model to determine incidence in a community setting. The DCRAM collects data from one year olds, and uses this data to predict caries incidence over a three year timeframe, to when they are at the age of four. Data is collected following a dental and microbiological examination and from information received via parental questionnaires.6 This type of model makes it easier to differentiate people into different sub-groups so as to investigate the differing incidence levels of oral ill-health within these sub-groups, for example urban and rural differences in dental caries of five year old children in Scotland.7 Here Scotland was split into six different geographies, namely the four big cities (Glasgow, Edinburgh, Dundee and Aberdeen) to the smaller rural areas. The findings of this st udy were that the children in rural areas had a better level of dental health than those living in urban areas (mean DMFT of 1.87 for all of Scotland, the four cities 2.16, other urban 1.81, accessible towns 1.88, remote towns 1.86, accessible rural 1.31, remote rural 1.34).5 Socioeconomic factors have been attributed to the cause of caries in Scotland, where deprivation is positively and significantly associated with having d3mft.8 In a three year follow up study undertaken it was obvious that a serious level of DMFT imbalances between the upper class (SEG1) of society and the lower class (SEG2) existed. As noted the percentage improvements found in SEG1 were up to three times larger than those in SEG2.9 This study undertaken in the 1980s led to the development of further classification tools to give greater transparency. The DepCat scale divided communities into socioeconomic groups from 1 (most affluent) to 7 (most deprived). In doing so it applied the DMFT to reveal high levels of inequality with findings in this study ranging from 62.4% (DepCat 1) to 19.8% (DepCat 7).10 Although this looks ominous there is evidence to portray a 13 point improvement between 2006 and 2008 in the most deprived areas (DepCat 7).5 Further evidence of a decreased DMFT can be seen on Graph 25 in the appendix. With this the employment of a newer scale The Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation1 will ensure further study and reduction of caries in the deprived. Epidemiological principles, methods, tools and information are applied in every aspect of public health from policy setting at macro level to decision making at individual level,11 therefore making the collection and cohesion of information highly important. The result of this work by the Scottish government and health officials has given us tangible trends to decipher the level of dental caries in the country. Graphs 312 and 412 in the appendix clearly portray the level and improvement in dental caries in Scotland. It is given expectation and focus to the government in their implementation of preventive measures for the future. Evidence-based Population-based Prevention Strategies Pit and fissure configuration on tooth can harbour bacteria and lead to dental caries. Prevention of dental caries would be most efficient when the interaction between the host, causative agent and favouring environmental factors is inhibited. Fissure sealant is a primary prevention approach as it diminishes the risk of getting dental caries by enhancing resistance against the bacteria. A systematic health review published by NHS Health Scotland outlines fissure sealants as one of the early childhood caries prevention measures. Three studies were carried out on children under five years old to prove sealants are effective against occlusal dental caries depending on the retention rate, type of sealant and method of application.13 Rather than treating sequel of dental caries, preventive sealants are considered cost-effective compared to expensive restorative procedures. However, an article by Department of Paediatric Dentistry, University of Glasgow, Scotland addressed the efficiency of sealants depends on several factors. Caries are more susceptible in molar tooth, at highest risk during post-eruption period and whether resin-based or glass ionomer fissure sealants were to be chosen is influenced by moisture control.14 If sealants are used for all cases and risk assessment is neglected, this will reduce the cost-effectiveness. On the contrary, fissure sealants are effective against dental caries only if retained. Sealants require vigilant management that they must be replaced over time. Glasgow Dental Hospital and School reported out of 7000 sealants applied by private practitioners in Scotland, 23% of failed sealants end up carious after 4 years. This study concludes that maintenance of originally sealed fissures is vital for success sealants in long run.15 The study concluded that dental caries are bacterial, regardless of age and the process of wearing sealants would be of the same in any age group. The use of fluorides, on the other hand, in either topical (mouth rinsing solutions, tablets, toothpastes) or systemic (fluoridated water, milk or salt) forms, has shown to have a positive effect on the prevention and reduction of dental caries experience among children and adolescents, globally.16 Although fluoridation of water is considered one of the ten main achievements of public health interventions,17 its real advantages to public health remain controversial.18 Scotland rejected artificial water fluoridation amidst public complaints of its harmful side effects, namely fluorosis or mottled teeth.19 Over the past 50 years in the UK, fluoridated toothpastes have played a crucial role in the declining trends of dental caries in children (in terms of reduced DMFT scores and overall oral health.) 20,21 There is also consensus about 1000ppm Fluoride concentration per toothpaste as optimal for ensuring protection from dental caries, and has proved to be 25% more beneficial in preventing tooth decay.22 Systematic review carried out by the University of Dundee reinforces the superior preventive effect of fluoride toothpastes compared to placebos (addition PF, 24.9%.)23 Researchers and public health authorities have unanimously placed fluoride toothpaste as the method of choice for preventing caries, as it is convenient and culturally approved, widespread, and it is commonly linked to the decline in caries prevalence in many countries.20 One of the chief concerns associated with consumption of fluorides is the incidence of fluorosis. Systematic reviews of studies carried out across the UK indicate a positive correlation between the concentrations of fluoride and dental fluorosis.24 Moreover, there are two major concerns associated solely with topical fluoride use- a) noncompliance with tooth brushing regimens and b) chronic overconsumption of toothpaste among children leading to increased risk of fluorosis.20 While some studies claim that fluoridated water is associated with higher incidence of diseases like bone fractures, senile dementia or cancer; no conclusive evidence has been reported.24 Other concerns of fluoridation like its effects on immunity, reproductive health and GI effects have also not shown to be clinically significant.25 A third prevention strategy called Childsmile was fully running since 2011. It is a children orientated, oral health promotion programme driven by the NHS. The aim is to improve the overall oral health of all children across Scotland and reduce inequalities in dental public health and access to related services.26 Childsmile has three components, the Core, which is applied to all Scottish children, provides fluoridated toothpaste and toothbrushes till five years of age and advocates supervised tooth brushing. 26 The Practice component allows new parents to register easily with local dental practices and is educated on oral health, such as tooth brushing methods and diet. Risk assessments are used to identify children at high risk, who are then provided with varnish and fissure sealants. 26 The third component, Nursery and School, provides twice per annum fluoride varnish applications to those living in the most deprived local quintile of Scotland under the Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation (SMID). 26 In 1996, the Greater Glasgow Health Board introduced a community-based oral health promotion for five year olds in the most socially deprived areas in Glasgow, comparable to Childsmile, which involved establishing Oral Health Action Teams (OHATs). 27 OHATs main goals are very similar to Childsmiles, including supervised tooth brushing, providing information to parents and supporting local dentists to further promote oral health. A follow-up study was done and the D3MFT values has shown to decrease from 5.5 to 3.6 and from 6.0 to 3.6 respective to DepCat 1 and 2 communities and the mean D3MFT values of 5 year olds was reduced in all DepCat 7 communities from 4.9 to 4.1. This change was of sufficient magnitude to impact upon area-wide statistics for Glasgow. 28 This suggests that oral health education interventions do give a positive impact on the population if it is implemented rigorously. Even though dental treatments are now relatively more advanced and effective, it is difficult for the whole population to benefit from these treatments, due to cost and access, as a prevention strategy for further tooth decay. Hence, it would be wiser to put into place public health strategies to get the knowledge to the general public and to promote the idea from young that prevention is better than treatment for oral health. But even with these health promotion programmes, there is evidence that shows how it is not a sustainable way to stop poor oral health because they do not tackle the main underlying cause. This leads to an ethical dilemma; creating a bigger inequality gap of access to oral healthcare, with those being in higher SES groups actually benefitting more than those who are in much more need of these service in the most deprived population. Discussion / Conclusion xxxxx Search Strategy For our project we began with a general search of dental caries on PubMed. There were numerous articles published from around the world so we narrowed it down to UK and Ireland and South America, as there were plenty of relevant articles for these regions. It was later decided that the following electronic databases: MEDLINE, PubMed and Cochrane library provided a number of articles for Scotland and Brazil. Using certain parameters like age (0-16 years old) it was decided that our project would be focussed on the dental caries of children in Scotland and articles produced between 1973 and present day. Keywords used to refine the search included children, fluoridation, fissure sealants and government studies amongst others. We used the advanced search option on PubMed with a combination of keywords such as Government Interventions AND Dental caries Scotland to review steps taken by the Scottish Government in recognising dental caries in children and also treating the problem. For the epidemiology section of the project we found articles using keywords epidemiology, dental caries, Scottish children. We found 107 relevant articles that were eventually narrowed to give us the most pertinent approaches taken in Scotland to diagnose dental caries, such as DCRAM (Dundee Caries Risk Assessment Model) and the NDIP (National Dental Inspection Plan). Searches based on individual interventional approaches were then carried out, yielding 17 results for DCRAM on PubMed and 16000 results for NDIP on Google Scholar. The studies were reviewed and chosen only if they met the criteria we wished to discuss throughout project, such as, age (0-16 years old), social background and residence i.e. Rural v Urban setting. We also did not include articles and studies published before 1973.We also used articles produced by the NHS and took these as official and accurate. For review of prevention strategies, we decided to use fissure sealants, fluoridation and the public health strategy of Childsmile as our main areas of discussion in terms of intervention. After comprehensive research using our chosen electronic databases- MEDLINE, PubMed, Cochrane Library and Google Scholar, we narrowed the expansive intervention of Fluoridation to the use of Fluoridated Toothpastes as we realized that artificial fluoridation was rejected by the Scottish government and that toothpastes were hence the most ubiquitous form of fluroide intake in Scottish children. A search on pubmed with keywords Fluoridated Toothpastes initially yielded 125 results, which were then narrowed using additional limits of Full Free Text and English Language. Similar limits were applied to searches of Fissure Sealants and ChildSmile, yielding 33 and 4 results, respectively. For reviews evaluating the efficacy of these interventions, we depended mostly upon PubMed and Cochrane Library. A seach with the advanced limits of English Language, Free Full Text Available and type of article-Systematic Review yielded only 1 result on Pubmed for Fissure Sealants, 3 for ChildSmile and 15 for fluoridated tootpastes. We feel our results provide an accurate review of dental caries in children in Scotland between the ages of (0-16). References Scotland.gov.uk Scottish Health Boards Dental Epidemiological Programme National Dental Inspection Programme 2011 [updated Wednesday 21 September 2011: cited October 17, 2012]. Available from http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Statistics/Browse/Health/TrendDentalHealth What did dr beisma say about long url? National Health service. Causes of Tooth Decay. Available from http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Dental-decay/Pages/Causes.aspx (Reviewed 07/07/2012)(Accessed 01/11/2012) http://www.nurseryworld.co.uk/news/994927/Sweetie-culture-culprit-tooth-decay/ Department of Health Hong Kong. Measuring tooth decay and gum disease. Available from http://www.dh.gov.hk/english/pub_rec/pub_rec_lpoi/files/ohse2.pdf (accessed 20/10/2012). Merret MC, Goold S, Mcall DR, CM Jones, LMD Macphearson, ZJ Nugent GVA Topping. National Dental inspection of Scotland. Report of the 2008 survey of P1 children in Scotland. Edinburgh: Scottish Dental Epidemiological Co-ordination Committee ; 2008. McRitchie HM, Development of the Dundee Caries Risk Assessment Model (DCRAM)Risk model development using a novel application of CHAID analysis. Community Dent Oral Epidemiology 2012; 40(1):37-45 Levin KA, Davies CA, Douglas GV, Pitts Nb. Urban-rural differences in dental caries of 5-year old children in Scotland. Social Science Medicine 2012; 71(11):2020-2027. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19307245 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2379088 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10226726 Bailey L, Vardulaki K Langham J Introduction to epidemiology.P10 4th ed. England: McGraw HIill; 2009. Macpherson LMD, Ball GE, Conway DI, Edwards M, Goold S, McMahon A, OKeefe E, Pitts NB Watson S. Report of the 2011 Detailed National Dental Inspection Programme of Primary 7 Children and the Basic Inspection of Primary 1 and Primary 7 Children. Scotland: Scottish Dental Epidemiology Coordinating Committee; 2011 Poobalan A, Prevention of early childhood caries: A systematic review. 2008; 122. Welbury R, EAPD guidelines for the use of pit and fissure sealants. Eur J Paediatr Dent 2004; 5(3):179-84. Chestnutt IG, Schafer F, Jacobson AP, Stephen KW: The prevalence and effectiveness of fissure sealants in Scottish adolescents. Br Dent J. 177:125-29, 1994. Peterson PF, Lennon MA: Effective Use of Fluorides for the Prevention of Dental Caries in the 21st Century: The WHO Approach. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2004; 32: 319-21. OÃÅ'  Blackwell Munksgaard, 2004. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1999a; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1999 Richards,D :Water Fluoridation: Controversy or Not? Editorial, Evidence-Based Dentistry (2002) 3, 31; doi:10.1038/sj.ebd.6400120. Available from www.nature.com Craig, J: Presidential Address. Br Dent J. 2005 May 28;198(10):597-9 (pubmed) Marinho VCC, Higgins JPT, Logan S, Sheiham A: Fluoride toothpastes for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents (Review) The Cochrane Collaboration, The Cochrane Library, 2009. Curnow MM, Pine CM,: A randomised controlled trial of the efficacy of supervised toothbrushing in high-caries-risk children Caries Res. 2002 Jul-Aug;36(4):294-300. Scottish Children Brush Away Tooth Decay. British Dental Journal 199, 698 (2006) Published online: 10 December 2005 | doi:10.1038/sj.bdj.4813051. Available from www.nature.com date accessed? Topping G, Assaf A.: Strong evidence that daily use of fluoride toothpaste prevents caries. Evid Based Dent. 2005;6(2):32. Dental Health Services Research Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK. McDonagh S: Systematic Review of water fluoridation BMJ. 2000 Oct 7;321(7265):855-9 (PUBMED/www.bmj.com) MRC working group report. National Health Services Scotland. About Childsmile NHS Health Scotland. [homepage on the Internet]. 2010 [cited 2012 Oct 24]. Available from: National Health Service Scotland, Childsmile Web site: http://www.child-smile.org.uk/professionals/about-childsmile.aspx Blair YI Evaluation of NHS Greater Glasgow oral health action teams: A report from the monitoring and evaluation subgroup of the OHAT steering group, November 2005. Glasgow: NHSGGC; 2005. Blair Y, Macpherson L, Mccall D, Mcmahon a. Dental health of 5-year-olds following community-based oral health promotion in Glasgow, UK. Int. J of Paediatric Dentistry 2006; 16:388-398.

Living With Parents Vs. Living :: essays research papers

Living with Parents vs. Living Alone   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Living with your family and living all by yourself is like living on two different planets. It will affect every detail of your life, right down to the way you talk, the foods youeat, and how much money you can spend. It will also determine how often your friends visitand how much freedom you have.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Living with your parents is similar to living in a royal palace; you will enjoy the luxuries of an elegant house, clean laundry, and a slightly bigger budget, but you will also have to defer to the king and queen of the realm. You will quickly discover that if your sovereigns aren’t happy, neither are you. While living under the rule of the parents, you will have to leave the house in order to socialize. Your friends will also fear the wrath of your sovereigns, and might visit you, but only for short periods of time. You will also have to wait until your parents go away on vacation to have a suitable house party.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Living alone, however, yields much more room for fun. You can dine on pizza and beer every night if you wish and your friends can visit any time. The furniture will be of your choosing, like the smelly ceramic vase in the corner with the strange mouthpiece. And you can clean the house under your own standards of cleanliness, not your mom’s.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The new freedom comes with a greater responsibility as well. Living alone, you’llbe facing the combined wrath of the dirty dishes, the laundry, and all kinds of new bills to pay. And you can’t ask your parents for financial assistance, it will only prove to them thatyou can’t make it out on your own.

Effect of enzymes on reactions Essay

Effect of enzymes on reactions Introduction            The function of any enzyme largely depends on the arrangement of its amino acids. The shape of an enzyme is so important such that any alteration or change in its amino acid sequence can have a huge effect on its function. An alteration to the amino acids in an enzyme does not only alter it shape but also its functionality. During a reaction, the whole enzyme does not take part but rather a small part known as the active site. The shape and appearance of the active site in any enzyme is determined by its three dimensional structure. The active site of an enzyme houses the shape of the substrate that needs to be changed during the reaction. This means that enzymes and substrates work like a lock and key. Since a specific key can only open a specific lock, this is explains why enzymes are specific in their reactions. How enzymes catalyze reactions            As noted earlier, enzymes serve as catalysts that speed up the rate at which biochemical reactions take place. They mainly work by offering a substitute pathway for reactions. Compared to other catalysts, the pathway provided by enzymes reduces activation energy. The same with all other catalysts, enzymes participate in reactions and this is the main way through which they offer a substitute reaction pathway. However, it is worthy noting that enzymes do not undergo any permanent changes during a reaction but remain intact. There main role in a reaction is to increase the rate but not the position of the reaction equilibrium (Cornish-Bowden 47). Unlike chemicals that catalyze a number of reactions, enzymes are usually very selective and can only catalyze precise reactions. This characteristic can be attributed to the shape of molecules that make up enzymes. Majority of enzymes are made up of a protein and non protein known as the cofactor. In most cases, the protein s found in the enzymes are globular. Any change in temperature and pH disrupts the inter-molecular and intra-molecular bonds that hold the proteins together in their tertiary and secondary structures. This means that catalytic ability of an enzyme is temperature and pH sensitive.            For any molecules to react, they must come into contact with one another. In other words, they must collide with enough energy and in the correct direction. Sufficient energy is important during a reaction because it helps the molecules overcome the energy barrier to the reaction. This type of energy is known as activation energy. During a reaction, the active side of an enzyme attaches itself to one of the reacting molecules known as the substrate. A reaction catalyzed by an enzyme takes a different route compared to that catalyzed by other catalysts. The coming together of an enzyme and a substrate results in a reaction intermediate. Enzyme substrate Enzyme-substrate complex            The best experiment that can be used to validate the claim that enzymes do in fact catalyze reactions is looking at how enzymes help human beings digest food. There are different types of foods that are consumed by human beings. Some of the most common foods consumed by people are the two types of sugars namely disaccharides and monosaccharaides. These two sugars are derived from foods like fruits which also contain fructose and glucose. All monosaccharides derived from the foods that we eat is absorbed directly and transported to different cells in the body (Cornish-Bowden 96). Unlike monosaccharides, disaccharides need to be broken down into their monosaccharide form before they can be absorbed into the body. In the absence of a catalyst, the rate at which the absorption of monosaccharide galactose and glucose take place is very slow. Since human bodies require a lot of energy to function properly, it is important that the absorption process is quickened through the use of an enzyme. The main enzyme that is produced by human bodies to quicken the absorption process is known as a lactase. The experiment would involve the following steps. This experiment can be represented using the following diagram. Fill a tube with 20 ml of a lactose solution. Fill another tube with 20 ml of lactose solution and 2 ml of lactase solution. Shake the tube to ensure that the two solutions mix. Give the experiment 5 minutes for the lactose to breakdown into galactose and glucose. Use a test strip to monitor the process. Originally, the strip is usually colored aqua. If it turns brown, olive or green, it is an indication that glucose is present. Compare the results from the two tubes.            If the color of the test strip turns brown, olive or green, this is an indication that glucose is present. This means that reaction in the tube with lactase was catalyzed resulting in the production of glucose. The reaction in the other tube was slow because there was no catalyst to quicken the reaction. The result from this experiment indicates that indeed enzymes can play a big role in catalyzing reactions. References Cornish-Bowden, Athel. Fundamentals of Enzyme Kinetics. (3rd edition), Portland Press, 2004. Print. Source document

Notes for Each Chapter in Tomorrow When the War Began Essay

a) SUMMARY Chapter four is about them in felt â€Å"Hell† a snake goes into Homers Sleeping bag, they try to get it out and they get scared and drop the sleeping bag the snake slither out and straight into the bush. There is a part about where a â€Å"V shaped† planes go over and they had the lights switched off on the plane so no-one could see them fly over, but they could smell the jet fuel. Right through the chapter they were in the place called â€Å"Hell†. SIGNIFICANT EVENTS In chapter four they are getting fat and restless, and they can’t be bothered to explore. Everything and everyone changes when the planes go over with no lights on. CHARACTERS DEVELOPMENT Homer feels some connection between Fi and him. Ellie is a deep sleeper and sleeps though heaps. b) Summary of Chapter Four: The chapter begins with the group of friends sitting around doing nothing in the morning. In the evening Homer sits down on to a sleeping bag and discovers that a snake was in his sleeping bag. They try to tip it out, but the drop the bag and it shoots out towards Corrie. Fi jumps in the water not knowing that snakes can swim. In the middle of the night Ellie wakes to black jets flying overhead. In the morning she finds that Robyn, Fi and Lee heard them, also. Robyn tells the others that dozens and dozens of them were flying overhead all night long. Lee jokes that Commemoration Day would be a perfect day to invade Australia. In the morning Homer reveals to Ellie that he likes Fi. Quotes: * â€Å"And like black bats screaming out of the sky, blotting out the stars, a v-shaped line of jets raced overhead, very low ahead. Their noise, their speed, their darkness frightened me.† –Ellie * â€Å"There was dozens and dozens all night long.† –Robyn * â€Å"It’s probably the start of world war three,† said Lee. â€Å"We’ve probably been invaded and we don’t even know it.† –Lee * â€Å"That’s when I first†¦when I realised†¦Well it’s the first time I really took notice of her. I always thought that she was a stuck up snob. But she’s not. She’s really nice.† –Homer * â€Å"No, Hell wasn’t anything to do with places, Hell was all to do with people. Maybe Hell was people.† –Ellie Significant Events: 1) Jets flying overhead in the middle of the night, 2) Homer admitting that he likes Fi. To Ellie he was always the kid that had no feelings. 3) Ellie realising that Hell wasn’t places it was people. —————————————————————————————————————— Chapter 5: Summary * They were very lazy, always putting off going to the top of the mountains to hike. * Corrie and Ellie were the most energetic; they took a few walks, to the bridge or to different cliffs. * Corrie and Ellie both want to travel when they are older. They want to travel to Indonesia, Thailand, China, India, Egypt and maybe Europe or Africa. * They were running out of food but they were too lazy to go back to the Land rover to get more food. * They had gone through 5 days without any serious arguments, but they had a few silly arguments. * Everyone decides that the want to come back to Hell, with the same people. They don’t want other people to know about it because they might ruin it. * The trip back up the cliffs was very tiring, hard and hot. The only thing that keeps them going is Fi saying stuff about have decent food and a hot shower. * Homer stays close to Fi, and helps her a lot. * There are 6 suspicious fires that are spread out. 2 of which are which are quite big. None of them are anywhere near them. (In Hell) * Some people went swimming in the creek.   * Lee and Ellie talk. Ellie learns a lot from Lee. Significant Events. The group spend their last days camping and they realise that they don’t want to leave. They want to stay longer and have more fun. They also want to come back to the same place with the same people. They don’t want others to know about their wonderful campsite. The group don’t like to hike back in the hot and humid weather. The climb is very dangerous and steep. They get very tired. There are 6 fires in the distance that nobody can figure out why they are there. Ellie and Lee feel uneasy and senses something is wrong, but they can’t figure out what. Character Development * ELLIE= Ellie talks to Corrie; they share a dream (travelling). Ellie leans that working in a restaurant is hard. (By talking to Lee). She feels uneasy and weird. She wants to get home to see her family to see if they are okay. * CORRIE= We learn that she wants to travel and become a nurse in a country that needs nurses urgently. She was homesick in Year 8 Camp. She works away quietly on people until she gets what she wants. She is very forgiving and doesn’t hold grudges. * ROBYN=She doesn’t want to go home. She thinks it’s the best place ever and she had a really really good time. Robyn tells Ellie she is bossy. * FIONA= Always disappears when they cook or do washing up. Looks forward to a hot shower and decent food. Has mixed feelings for Homer. Went swimming. * KEVIN= If he had chocolate he would go up to the Land rover to get food. He is still embarrassed about the snake incident. Fells a bit sensitive. * LEE= He likes being in Hell. He thinks it was fun. Feels uptight, has a feeling that something is wrong. * HOMER= Tries to get closer to Fi. Helps Fi a lot. Likes Fi. Keeps on trying to prank Corrie. Conflict * Arguments =Between Kevin and Fi= For Fi not being there when cooking or washing up. =Between Corrie and Homer= Homer pulling mean jokes/pranks on Corrie =Between Kevin and Ellie=Ellie always trying to ‘fix’ the fire. =Between everyone=which coloured cars are most consumptions * No more decent food. * Climbing/Making their way back to the land rover, very hard and tiring. * Ellie wanting to get a move on, but the rest of the group plays around. Quotes * â€Å"Corrie! You got homesick on the Year 8 camp, and that was only 4 days!’ Ellie says to Corrie. * â€Å"I don’t want to go back. This is the best place and this week has been the best’ Robyn says to the group. * â€Å"Yea, ok† Homer said, obviously thinking of spending another 5 days with Fi. * â€Å"I wish they’d get a move on, I’m keen to get home† Ellie says to Lee. * As we got a better view of the plains we were surprised to see 6 different fires in the distance scattered across the countryside. None of the fires were remotely close to out place. [Hell] * I was a heavy sleeper but the last few nights I couldn’t settle down. I felt some kind of strange anxiety. ———————————————————————————————— Chapter 6: Summary In chapter 6 the characters arrive back from hell to Ellie’s house and find most of the family’s animals dead and the house abandoned. The group then tried to come up with an explanation for the strange and scary circumstances, getting more worried after each failed suggestion. The gang then decided to drive in the land rover to Homer’s, where they find his house in the same state as Ellie’s. They then had to decide if it was in their best interests to use the RF radio, they let Ellie decide and she believes they shouldn’t use it. The group then chose to talk about what might have happened in their town while they were away, Homer then found some evidence of his mother’s that proved whatever happened to their families, took place at Commemoration Day. Important Quotes 1. â€Å"The dogs were dead†¦ their chains were stretched and their was blood around their necks, where their collars had held† 1. â€Å"In the house there was nothing wrong, and that was what was wrong. There was no sign of life at all† 1. â€Å"†¦. We’ve been invaded. I think there might be a war† Conflict In Chapter 6 there is one conflict between Robyn and Ellie when the group was trying to come up with a theory for their families’ disappearance. Ellie: â€Å"Of course it’s bad† I yelled at her â€Å"Do you think my dad would leave his dogs to die like that? Do you think Ill be having a good laugh about that tomorrow?† I was screaming and crying at the same time Robyn: Robyn started crying and yelling â€Å"I didn’t mean it like that way Ellie, you know I didn’t!† They then resolved the issue: Ellie: â€Å"I’m sorry Robyn† I said â€Å"I know you didn’t mean†¦.† Robyn: â€Å"Im sorry too† she said â€Å"It was a bad choice of words† Significant Events 1. Coming home to find the dogs dead and their families gone. 2. Finding no mess at the house but it being normal, showing no sign that the family was taken, but just disappeared. 3. Went to Homer’s and found it in the same state as Ellie’s, proving that something big has happened. 4. The group then assessed the situation and came up with the conclusion, that whatever happened to their families’ happened at Commemoration Day. —————————————————————————————– Chapter 7: Summary They all go to Kevin’s and find his pet corgi, Flip. Then they decide to take Flip with them. When the group are at Corrie’s, Ellie finds a message on the Mackenzie’s fax machine for Corrie. It’s from her father, the message was sent from the show secretary’s office saying, â€Å"People say it’s just army manoeuvres† and â€Å"go bush. Don’t come out till it’s safe†. They split up and Ellie, Kevin and Corrie are to check things out at the showground. After seeing Ellie’s primary school teacher at the show ground from a distance and seeing how guarded the place is they leave. Soon they realize soldiers are following them and they are shooting. Ellie decides to fight back with a homemade bomb from the petrol in the ride-on mower, rags and matches. The bomb explodes and does its job successfully and they run to meet the others on the hill a 3:35, five minutes late from their agreed time. Quotes – (Lee on making the decision to keep Flip) â€Å"We might have to make some ugly choices†. – (Homer on the subject of splitting up) â€Å"Five people free and two locked up is a better equation then no people free and seven locked up.† Significant events – Corrie getting a fax from her dad – Seeing the show ground – Ellie blowing up the lawn mower and the soldiers Character Development – Homer, being able to make the best decision for the group, which was splitting up. – Ellie, to make an explosion big enough to escape the soldiers in the short amount of time she had before they arrived. Conflict – At first when Homer suggests splitting up every one is against it and there is a bit of protest going on until he reasons with them. ———————————————————————————————————————— Chapter 8: Plot Summary The group has arrived at Corrie’s place before dawn. Ellie feels sick and in her mind she is singing as chorus of a song, in which she sings over and over again, because she was trying to forget the events that had happened earlier. They arrive halfway down Corrie’s driveway. Ellie stops at the porch to rest but Homer tells her to keep moving. Everyone felt at home except Lee and Robyn who were currently away. Ellie, Corrie and Kevin were telling the others about what they encountered such as the mower incident. Ellie feels that she is permanently damaged because she had probably killed three people. Homer told them that they should not feel bad since the soldiers had invaded their land unexpectedly. After they told their story, Homer and Fi told theirs. They went into town, and they said that there was a lot of damage done. There were soldiers everywhere, so they had to be extra careful. They went to Fi’s house, and Homer was attacked by her cat. After Homer and Fi’s story, the rest of the group were worried about Lee and Robyn, not knowing what has happened to them. By then Ellie is beginning to realize Homer’s leadership skills. Significant Events Telling each other what had happened, since they were split into groups. Ellie knowing that Homer has changed. Character Development Homer – starts to act like a leader, since he could not be trusted before. Quotes â€Å"It was hard for me to believe that I, plain old Ellie, nothing special about me, middle of the road in every way, had probably just killed three people.† â€Å"Homer was becoming more surprising with every passing hour. It was getting hard to remember that this fast-thinking guy, who’d just spent fifteen minutes getting us laughing and talking and feeling good again, wasn’t even trusted to hand out the books at school.† ———————————————————————————————————————— Chapter 9: Chapter Nine is quite an intense chapter. They are at Corrie’s house and collecting things, and getting ready to leave for ‘Hell’. ‘Suddenly we heard a distant disturbing noise’. A helicopter was observing the house and was waiting for the kids to move. They all went to go check on Kevin to see if he was okay,.. But he wasn’t okay. ‘They’re staring right at me’ He said. Everyone knew that if he moved they would all be on danger. Homer has grown to be such a great leader so far. ‘Don’t move, it’s the movement that’s the give away’. He was keeping everyone together. He kept everyone safe and made good decisions for the group not just for himself. As the helicopter left they had took their chances of packing what they needed while it was gone because there was a high chance that they could come back. They went to the shearers shed after they had got everything packed. The soldiers knew they saw someone in the house. ‘†¦ A black jet, fast and lethal, came low from the west.’ A rocket from the soldiers was flying towards the house. ‘One rocket hit the house, and one was all it took. The house came apart in slow motion.’ A second rocket came and slammed into the hillside right next to the house. Having the conflict with the soldiers has made them think more carefully about their actions and every move that they made. Homer, like I have already said†¦ has turned into a great leader. To me, this chapter was about how the teens needed to start thinking like soldiers, and start being soldiers. ———————————————————————————————————————————————- Chapter 10: In this chapter, the group decide to bring Lee and Robyn back from Wirrawee. Ellie and Homer are chosen to be sent into Wirrawee, since Corrie was still in a shock after the enemies had blown up her house, while Kevin stayed in Hell to look after her. When they arrive at Robyn’s house, they find Robyn who tells them that Lee had been shot and what had happened to them during the time they were hiding. They find out that there were still some people out there that are still fighting and haven’t given up yet. Since Lee wasn’t able to walk, they decided to make some rash decisions to get Lee back to Hell and themselves unharmed. Significant Events * Deciding to get Lee and Robyn back from Wirrawee * Lee getting shot * Robyn and Lee finding Mr. Clement, the dentist * Robyn and Lee getting spotted in Wirrawee, that’s where Lee gets shot * Deciding how to get Lee out of the restaurant and safely back in Hell Character Development * Homer starts to think like a soldier. He starts to become more mature and think for the safety of the group and how they would get through this. He becomes a sort of leader and makes up most of the decisions that they make. This is a big change since, when Homer was at school; he had been a trouble-maker and had been wild and outrageous. * Ellie starts to fall for the ‘new’ Homer. * Robyn becomes braver and Ellie thought that Robyn deserved a medal on how she rescued Lee from the enemy soldiers. Robyn used to worry easily and had been quiet and serious at the start of the novel. Conflict Lee getting shot in Wirrawee was a big conflict in this chapter. Since wasn’t able to walk, they had to think up ideas that might get them and Lee back to Hell unharmed. They start to think up of plans like using quiet vehicles but then they decide to use a bulldozer and pick up Lee from the restaurant, since using a bulldozer would surprise the enemy. They also decide to do at four am in the morning because that was when humans were at their weakest. Important Quotes * â€Å"Homer had an ability to put himself into the minds of the soldiers, to think their thoughts and to see through their eyes.† * â€Å"We were in the middle of a desperate struggle to stay alive, but here I was, still thinking about boys and love.† * â€Å"‘He’s been shot’† – Robyn * â€Å"He said he thought there were a few dozen people like himself hiding out, but after they’d seen what had happened to people who, in his words, ‘tried to be heroes’, they were all keeping well out of sight† * â€Å"They were dodging towards the door of the news agency when shots started pouring down the street.† * â€Å"He was limping badly, staring at her but biting his lip, determined not to cry out.† * â€Å"‘You keep going like this, you’ll lose your reputation. Aren’t you meant to be just a wild and crazy guy?’† – Robyn * â€Å"‘That’s when humans are always at their weakest,’ I contributed. ‘We did that in Human Dev. Three to four am, that’s when most deaths occur in hospitals.’† – Ellie ——————————————————— ————————————————————— Chapter 11: In the start of chapter 11 it was all full on. Lee was injured and at his families restaurant waiting to be saved by Ellie and Robyn, in a truck they stole. Lee got wheelbarrowed into the shovel on the truck. Then they got chased by soliders Ellie ran straight over a jeep wiht three soliders in it, another jeep continued to chase them they got shot at the entire time while being followed, then Ellie stopped suddenly and the jeep went flying over them and flipped. They got away and met Homer and Robyn on Three Pigs Lane, where they switched vehicles and headed to Chris’s in order to change vehicles again incase they had been spotted.They pulled up at Chris’s and dumped there get away vehicle in the dam out back while they disgustd what to do next, something came out of the old piggery it was Chris he had been hiding in there from everyone his paretns had gone overseas and he didnt go to Commemoration Day. So they took Chris’s parents Merc and he went with them back to hell. CONFLICTS The main conflict in this chapter was between the soliders and the group they had been shot at chased and had a head on crash with. CHARACTERS THAT CHANGED Ellie changed she became a solider in attack she had to drive the truck and she even ran over a jeep of soliders. She was in attack. ———————————————————————————————————————————————- Chapter 12: Significant events: Lee getting shot in the leg by soldiers, Ellie saw she had some feeling for lee. Went to hell as a hide out. Conflict: Ellie saw Chris asleep when he was meant to been on guard looking for soldiers as this started off an argument. Quotes: â€Å"I stopped. I didn’t have any plans to become the local slut† – â€Å"I’d blocked off all my emotions reactions because there hadn’t been the time or the opportunity for those luxuries. But it’s like they say, ‘emotion denied is emotion deferred’ – â€Å"Chris, who was sure that he’d been the cause of my having a nervous breakdown†. Setting: ‘’ I could see right across the paddock to the bush and on up into the mountains’’ pg 159 —————————————————————————— —————————————— Chapter 13: Corrie had her Father’s radio, everyday she would fiddle with it, but wouldn’t let anyone else touch it. One day Corrie reported to Ellie that the batteries were getting flat. It was then that Ellie found out that the radio could get excess to worldwide radio stations. Ellie asked Corrie if she had been only trying the local stations and Corrie said yes. They gained excess to the other worldwide stations and fell upon one that was reporting about what was going on in Australia. The whole group listened it the radio. That how America was warned that if she tried to help and intervene with the war going on, she would find herself in the longest, costliest and bloodiest war ever. The general claimed that the season for the invasion was to â€Å"Reducing balances. After the group heard that international outrage continued to mount and a lot of fighting in countries and a few scattered words, the radio died. Homer quickly suggested that everyone should write down what they heard, after they did, they chose what seemed like the main and important points. Homer was thinking long term and decided that they should get a few animals and cattle’s in Hell so that they could use the cattle as food. Next their plain was to observe how the military worked and what sort of pattern it was. So they decided to send 6 people down, all in groups of two. The pair would keep in contact with walkie talkies. Kevin and Corrie, Fiona and Homer, Chris and Robyn. They would all note down what they saw in the show ground and in 48 hours time, come back to hell. Conflict: In the middle of chapter 13 an argument develops between Kelvin and Robyn. They start arguing after Robyn says â€Å"and now they have taken the cookie and crumbled it a whole new way.† After this is said, Kelvin misunderstands Robyn and thinks that she is fine with the invasion, soon after that, and after Kelvin insulting her religion, Robyn starts to defend herself and with the whole group agreeing with her, Kelvin realises that he lost and back off. Plot Changes: Instead of sitting around, like in the previous chapter, this time they plan to go back to the show grounds and investigate what is going on. Character Development: Homer: Acts more mature Street smart More sensible More sense of responsibility Fiona: Starts to like Homer now Starts to want to sacrifice necessaries of loved ones and family Ellie: Is confused about whom she likes, Homer or Lee ——————————————————————————————————————— Chapter 14: Ellie, Homer and Fi went back up to Ellie’s house to collect some more supplies (food, clothing, toiletries, tools, bedding, a Bible, etc). Robyn and Ellie read the Bible. After Ellie, Homer and Fi got back from Wirawee they found Lee had started walking around. Lee and Ellie had some conflict as they talked about their relationship, but Ellie is still confused :P. Ellie goes for a walk by herself and finds the Hermit’s hut. ——————————————————————————————————————— Chapter 15: a) Everyone was annoyed by each other. (p191. There was a bit of strain between us now, which I hated and there was a general strain caused by everyone snapping at each other in the final few hours of daylight.) When Fi and Ellie slept together, Fi said to Ellie that she loved Homer, but he was too ‘Greek’. Fi wanted to get advice from Ellie, but Ellie didn’t want to Fi and Homer go well†¦ At night, Ellie reminded her family and smiled. Ellie thought that ‘Hell is a sad, brooding place but not evil.’ They woke up early and had simple food. They would stay very long in the Hell like 3 months, 6 months two years†¦ Lee said that he wanted to go Hermit’s Hut. In front of the Hermit’s Hut Ellie told Lee about her feeling. She was very stressful because of her feelings. (p202. But my feelings are that I’m confused.) Lee said that .. (p 202. No, I just think that for some things, for example liking someone, for example liking me, you are being too careful and calculating. You should just fo with the feelings.) Lee wanted to go inside the Hut. There were many things like reward from a King. There were photos and newspaper article about murderer. Also, Lee and Ellie read his story about the murder process(?). b) After their inspection of Hermit’s hut they kept working into the evening. Fi sleeps in Ellie’s tent while Corrie is away and before they fall into sleep, she talks to Ellie about her relationship with Homer and if she should try it with Lee. They get up early and Ellie notice that the longer they stay in hell, the more they get into natural rhythms their major job that morning is to get fire wood which they work hard on. Ellie shows Lee the hermit’s hut, they speck about their   relationship and Lee thinks that Ellie should give be with him. In the hut Lee finds a metal cash box with nothing but papers and photographs. underneath them was a small blue case, like a wallet, but made of stiffer material. Lee silently wrapped everything up and replaced it in the tin. There was too much to absorb, too much to think about. they left the hut in silence. ——————————————————————————————————————— Chapter 16: Chapter sixteen is all of Ellie’s thoughts. Lee and her are possibly boyfriend and girlfriend, also Homer and Fi. Lee and Ellie have visited the Hermits Hut and found important documents from the murder. The whole group have come up with more tactics to keep themselves from the soldiers and getting caught one of them is moving the land rover further away from Hell. The rest of the chapter is Ellies thoughts on Lee and Hell. Important Quotes â€Å"There were to other documents in the box† Lee and Ellie noticing the documents. â€Å"The last thing was a poem, a simple poem† Ellie been a detective. â€Å"He’s so down on himself† Fi complaining on Homer. â€Å"perhaps my lack of confidence, my tortuous habit of questioning and doubting everything I said or did, was a gift, a good gift, something that made life painful in the short run but in the long run might lead to†¦what? The mourning of life† Ellie’s thoughts on life. Significant Events  · Ellie and Lee finding the documents in Hermits Hut.  · Ellie and Fi having a good chat on what lies ahead of them.  · Thinking of other ways of them been unnoticed by soldiers. Character Developments  · Fi as become more confident and true to her and others that is because she has been around Homer a lot.  · Ellie has taken a part in been a leader along with Homer and Kevin.  · Lee has become a lot stronger now that is leg as stared to heal. Conflict Not much conflict in this chapter I think this is because they have all started working as a team and listen to what the others around them have to say. ——————————————————————————————————————————————– Chapter 17: Robyn, Kevin, Corrie and Chris returned from Wirrawee and after breakfast they tell the others their story. Robyn does most of the talking. She is their unofficial leader and she reports from the situation in Wirrawee. As they were telling the story everyone else was sitting with their partners, while Chris and Robyn were the only ones who weren’t together as a couple. Robyn, Kevin, Corrie and Chris haven’t seen any of their families but been told they were safe at the showground. The soldiers would have been on duty taking some prisoners and the showground back to their homes a habitable place again by cleaning out mould and dead food and pets and to pick up some valuables like jewellery. Robyn got told by Mr Keogh that the work parties would be going out to the country too, starting any day now to look after the stock and get the farms going again, he said they’re going to colonise the whole country with their own people and all the farms will be split up between them and we’ll just be allowed to do menial jobs like cleaning. Chris brought back packet of smokes, two bottles of port that he ‘souvenired’ seeing Chrsi smoke made Ellie reflect on what laws they had already broken (stealing, driving without a license, wilful damage, assault, manslaughter or murder etc). Ellie didn’t like the idea of Chris picking up grog (alcohol) and cigarettes. Robyn presents the idea to Ellie writing all these happenings down and Chris wants to know what the other four (Ellie, Lee, Fi and Homer) did in Hell while they were away. Homer says that they must grab some sleep and that they will have a council of war later that afternoon. Robyn is a quiet leader even in calmer times: ‘Robyn did most of the talking. She’d already been their unofficial leader when they left, and it was interesting to see how much she was running the show now.’ Kevin recommended that they could end up being the nations since they could be the only ones left free so they would be they government and everything. They would all choose their jobs or got given them. Kevin for Prime Minister, Chris: Police Commissioner, Homer was the Minister for Defence and Chief of the General Staff, Lee was the Pensioner of the Year because of his leg. Robyn wanted to be the Minister of Health but got Archbishop instead. Fi was Attorney General because of her parents and Ellie was named Poet Laureate. They plan to gather animals, such as ferrets and rabbits for food. There is conflict in this chapter when Kevin suggested that they have ferrets instead of chooks. Corrie disagrees and says, ‘ â€Å"Yuck! They’re disgusting! I hate them.† Kevin looked wounded at this disloyalty from the one person he could normally count on. â€Å"They’re not disgusting,† he said sounding hurt. â€Å"They’re clean and they’re intelligent and they’re very friendly.† â€Å"Yeah, so friendly they’ll run up your trouser leg.† ’ ———————————————————————————————————————- Chapter 18: In this chapter we get to know more about Ellie’s and Lee’s and Homer’s love relationship. We find out who Ellie likes more Lee or Homer. We also learn on how far Ellie and Lee would go with their relationship physically. We hear more about Chris and him smoking. We also find out that Sally and Kevin have been together for a whole year and that Ellie is pretty sure that they have lost their virginity to each other. In this Chapter we hear Ellie saying â€Å"I know this might sound a bit different from what I said before, but I don’t think it is. I can understand why these people have invaded but I don’t like what they’re doing and I don’t think there’s anything very moral about them†. Ellis feels that this war has been forced on them and she hasn’t got the guts to be a conscientious objector. She just hopes that they can all avoid doing too much that’s filthy and foul and rotten. ———————————————————————————————————————————————- Chapter 19: ———————————————————————————————————————— Chapter 20: QUOTES: â€Å"There was a pause then the answer. ‘Yeah I love you too Fi.’ For Homer to say that to anyone was pretty good; for him to say it with Lee and me listening was amazing.† â€Å"I always admired so much about Fi, but now it was her courage I was admiring, instead of her grace and beauty.† â€Å"†We’ve been held up for a bit.’ Fi said. ‘Ellie wanted to climb a tree.’ CHARACTER DEVELOPMENT: In this chapter, there is some character development with Homer. He is no longer afraid to say he loves Fi in front of anyone, where in this quote shows this: â€Å"There was a pause then the answer. ‘Yeah I love you too Fi.’ For Homer to say that to anyone was pretty good; for him to say it with Lee and me listening was amazing.† Fi develops some amount of bravery as she steps up more. She gets much more courage as she takes on some of their tasks. SUMMARY: Ellie and Fi are paired together to go and sort things out/set things up for when they blow up the tank. After getting everything in the correct places, and getting the bikes there so they have time to get away after the tank gets blown up they go to wait. As they got out of their truck after getting all this done, some Patrols came past. They ran over someone’s fence and into their garden and climbed up a gum tree. Ellie soon realized that the truck, filled with things needed for their task to go as planned. If the soldiers were to see this they would automatically realize, and their plan would be ruined. Or If they were spotted in the tree, they would be captured and who knows what would happen. Luckily somehow they did not realize either of the two and they walked off. And they went to prepare everything to blow up the tank, now all they had to do was wait. SIGNIFICANT EVENT: The most significant even of this chapter would be when Ellie and Fi spotted some patrols coming so they went and hid up in a tree. whilst the soldiers were very close to their truck. If the soldiers noticed the truck, their whole plan would be ruined. Also, if they were spotted in that tree, they would have been captured or killed which would cause everything to not work. ———————————————————————————————————————————————- Chapter 21: ———————————————————————————————————————— Chapter 22: Character development Homer learnt not to put to much trust in machines.   Ellie sees another side or Homer, his sweet side; â€Å"The only thing homer left out was the way he had wept when he found out we were safe. I saw the sweetness of Homer then† Corrie got shot, Kevin shows us his loyal side; â€Å"Corrie’s my mate and I’m not gonna dump her and run†. We can see Ellie is accepting more and more that she is in a war, therefore accepting that some of the things she does might have the consequence of someone dying; If I knowingly did things like blowing up bridges, then the fact that by sheer good luck no one was hurt didn’t let me off the hook. Once I’d made my decision to go with the tanker i had been ready to live with the consequences, whatever they were. Significant Events Ellie and Fi meet Homer and Lee up in a gully behind Fleets place and told there versions of the bridge blowing up. Went to sleep   Ellie, Homer, Fi and Lee woke up at night, left to Ellie’s house on the bikes at 10pm Walked into Ellie’s garage to see Corrie lying still on a table with Chris, Kevin and Robyn crowding around her. Kevin told Ellie that Corrie had been shot. Kevin drove Corrie to the Hospital, leaving Lee, Ellie, Robyn, Homer, Fi and Chris to go back into Hell. Important Quotes ‘You would be glad to know’ he said turning to me ‘that I don’t think any of them were hurt’ It meant a lot to me; but not everything We felt the worst was over and we had done our job and now we deserved a rest. You’re sort of bought up to believe that that’s the way life should